In Ukraine, this has been a reality since Russia’s full-scale invasion. The campaign against its energy infrastructure is one of the Kremlin’s core strategies. Ukraine has had to manage acute power deficits: the occupation of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant and waves of strikes left it with only about one-third of its prewar generation capacity by mid-2024. Going into this winter, Ukraine’s energy ministry anticipated only 17.6GW of generation capacity would be available, even before the recent attacks on energy infrastructure that have left millions suffering in extreme sub-zero temperatures.