Around that time I argued, in “The Project Economy Has Arrived” (HBR, November–December 2021), that we were at a turning point in the history of business: While companies had traditionally created value through their operations (by focusing on scale, efficiency, and service excellence), now for the first time projects were the primary engines of value creation. That idea resonated across industries, and in the past four years many companies have tried to adapt to this new reality, with some promising results. They’ve trained more project managers, created centers of excellence and project management offices, upskilled middle managers, and introduced better governance. Execution is now more consistent, frameworks are better understood, and timelines are clearer.